Axom
Assam is a state in northeastern India, located south of the Eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. It covers an area of 78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi), and is the second largest state in northeastern India by area. As per the 2011 census, the state had a population of 31.2 million, and is the largest in terms of population in the region. It shares international borders with Bhutan to the north and with Bangladesh to the southwest. It borders the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur to the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram to the south; and West Bengal to the west. It is connected to the rest of the India to the west via the Siliguri Corridor, a 22 km (14 mi) wide strip of land. Dispur is capital of the state, and Guwahati is the largest city and urban area in the state.
Archaeological evidence from the region indicate early settlements from the second to first century BCE. Though the region finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, there is a lack of substantial archaeological evidence regarding its ancient history. The region is described as one of the frontiers of the Gupta Empire in fourth century CE. It was ruled by Varmanas (c. 350–650 CE), Mlechchhas (c.655–900 CE) and Kamarupa-Palas (c. 900–1100 CE) later. The Ahom kingdom was established in the 13th century CE, and ruled till the early 19th century CE. The period saw various conflicts with the Mughals. After the Moamoria rebellion and Burmese invasions weakened the Ahom kingdom, the British started establishing tea estates in the region in the 19th century CE. The region became part of the Bengal Presidency, and the Assam Province was established in 1912. The Assam Legislative Assembly was formed in 1937. The province became part of Independent India on 15 August 1947, and was recognised as a state after India became a republic on 26 January 1950.
The state is organised into 35 districts across five divisions. Assamese and Bodo are the official languages of the state with Meitei recognised as an additional official language in three districts of the Barak Valley and Hojai district, and Bengali in the Barak Valley. The state is known for its namesake Assam silk and Assam tea, recongised as Geographical Indications in India. Oil was discovered in the region in 1867, and oil drilling started in 1889. Wildlife tourism is a major contributor to the economy of the state, aided by the presence of various protected areas including the Kaziranga and Manas National Parks, which are World Heritage Sites. More than half of the extant wild population of the one-horned Indian rhinoceros occurs in the state. The state is a rich biodiversity zone consisting of various ecosystems including tropical rainforests, deciduous forests, riverine grasslands, orchards, and wetlands. It receives copious amount of rainfall, which feeds the Brahmaputra River system, whose tributaries and oxbow lakes form a distinctive hydro-geomorphic environment.
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