catatonic
Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by a range of psychomotor disturbances. It is most commonly observed in individuals with underlying mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder, and psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.
The condition involves abnormal motor behavior that can range from immobility (stupor) to excessive, purposeless activity. These symptoms may vary significantly among individuals and can fluctuate during the same episode. Affected individuals often appear withdrawn, exhibiting minimal response to external stimuli and showing reduced interaction with their environment. Some may remain motionless for extended periods, while others exhibit repetitive or stereotyped movements. Despite the diversity in clinical presentation, these features are part of a defined diagnostic syndrome.
Effective treatment options include benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), both of which have shown high rates of symptom remission.
Several subtypes of catatonia are recognized, each defined by characteristic symptom patterns. These include:
Stuporous/akinetic catatonia: marked by immobility, mutism, and withdrawal;
Excited catatonia: characterized by excessive motor activity and agitation;
Malignant catatonia: a severe form involving autonomic instability and fever;
Periodic catatonia: involving episodic or cyclical symptom presentation.
Although catatonia was historically classified as a subtype of schizophrenia (catatonic schizophrenia), it is now more frequently associated with mood disorders. Catatonic features are considered nonspecific and may also occur in a variety of other psychiatric, neurological, or general medical conditions.
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