Auteur
An auteur (; French: [otœʁ], lit. 'author') is an artist with a distinctive approach, usually a film director whose filmmaking control is so unbounded and personal that the director is likened to the "author" of the film, thus manifesting the director's unique style or thematic focus. As an unnamed value, auteurism originated in French film criticism of the late 1940s, and derives from the critical approach of André Bazin and Alexandre Astruc, whereas American critic Andrew Sarris in 1962 called it auteur theory.
American actor Jerry Lewis directed his own 1960 film The Bellboy via sweeping control, and was praised for "personal genius". By 1970, the New Hollywood era had emerged with studios granting directors broad leeway. Pauline Kael argued, however, that "auteurs" rely on creativity of others, like cinematographers. Georges Sadoul deemed a film's putative "author" could potentially even be an actor, but a film is indeed collaborative. Aljean Harmetz cited major control even by film executives. David Kipen's view of the screenwriter as indeed the main author is termed Schreiber theory. In the 1980s, large failures prompted studios to reassert control. The auteur concept has also been applied to non-film directors, such as record producers and video game designers, such as Hideo Kojima.
Notable examples of filmmakers throughout history frequently cited as auteurs include Wes Anderson, Christopher Nolan, Ava DuVernay, Agnes Varda, Alice Guy-Blaché, Sofia Coppola, Lars Von Trier, Baz Luhrmann, Hayao Miyazaki, Guillermo Del Toro, Francis Ford Coppola, Adam Sandler, Michael Bay, Robert Eggers, Tim Burton, Ari Aster, Martin Scorsese, Paul Thomas Anderson, Bong Joon Ho, the Coen brothers, Quentin Tarantino, Jacques Tati, Ingmar Bergman, Stanley Kubrick, David Lynch, Akira Kurosawa and Edgar Wright .
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