Ham Radio
Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is the use of the radio frequency spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communications. The term "radio amateur" is used to specify "a duly authorized person interested in radioelectric practice with a purely personal aim and without pecuniary interest" (either direct monetary or other similar reward); and to differentiate it from commercial broadcasting, public safety (police and fire), or two-way radio professional services (maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.).
The amateur radio service (amateur service and amateur-satellite service) is established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through their recommended radio regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual station licenses with a unique identifying call sign, which must be used in all transmissions (every ten minutes and at the end of the transmission) . Amateur operators must hold an amateur radio license obtained by successfully passing an official examination that demonstrates adequate technical and theoretical knowledge of amateur radio, electronics, and related topics essential for the hobby; it also assesses sufficient understanding of the laws and regulations governing amateur radio within the country issuing the license.
Radio amateurs are privileged to transmit on a limited specific set of frequency bands—the amateur radio bands—allocated internationally, throughout the radio spectrum. Within these bands they are allowed to transmit on any frequency; although on some of those frequencies they are limited to one or a few of a variety of modes of voice, text, image, and data communications. This enables communication across a city, region, country, continent, the world, or even into space. In many countries, amateur radio operators may also send, receive, or relay radio communications between computers or transceivers connected to secure virtual private networks on the Internet.
Amateur radio is officially represented and coordinated by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), which is organized in three regions and has as its members the national amateur radio societies which exist in most countries. According to a 2011 estimate by the ARRL (the U.S. national amateur radio society), two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio. About 830000 amateur radio stations are located in IARU Region 2 (the Americas), followed by IARU Region 3 (South and East Asia and the Pacific Ocean) with about 750000 stations. Significantly fewer, about 400000 stations, are located in IARU Region 1 (Europe, Middle East, CIS, Africa).
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