Ruy Lopez
The Ruy Lopez (; Spanish: [ˈruj ˈlopeθ]), also called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game, is a chess opening beginning with the moves:
1. e4 e5
2. Nf3 Nc6
3. Bb5
Known from the earliest written theory of modern chess in the late 15th century, the Ruy Lopez has remained one of the most popular chess openings to this day. White develops the bishop to an active square, attacking the knight that defends the e5-pawn. The theory of the Ruy Lopez is the most extensively developed of all Open Games, with some lines having been analysed well beyond move thirty. At nearly every move there are many reasonable alternatives, and most have been deeply explored.
Black's main replies are 3...a6, the Morphy Defence, and 3...Nf6, the Berlin Defence. After 3...a6, 4.Bxc6 is the Exchange Variation. More commonly, however, White retreats the bishop with 4.Ba4. After 4...Nf6 White may disregard the attack on the e-pawn with 5.0-0, since the pawn can be regained. The most common move is then 5...Be7, the Closed Defence, leading to the main line as well as the Marshall Attack and other lines. The main alternatives are 5...Nxe4, the Open Defence, and 5...b5, the Arkhangelsk Defence.
In the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO), the opening is classified under codes C60 to C99.
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