Operation Midnight Climax
Operation Midnight Climax was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sub-project of the illegal Project MKUltra, the CIA mind-control research program that began in the 1950s. It was initially established in 1954 by Sidney Gottlieb and placed under the direction of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in Boston, Massachusetts with the "Federal Narcotics Agent and CIA consultant" George Hunter White under the pseudonym of Morgan Hall.
Gottlieb was a chemist who was chief of the Chemical Division of the Office of Technical Service of the CIA. He based his plan for MKUltra and Midnight Climax on interrogation method research under Project Artichoke. Unlike Artichoke, Midnight Climax gave Gottlieb permission to test drugs on unknowing citizens, which created the infamous legacy of this operation. Hundreds of federal agents, field operatives, and scientists worked on these programs before they were shut down in the 1960s.
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