Ghash
In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. GCM is reported to be able to be implemented efficiently in hardware and software. Such implementations may achieve high throughput depending on platform and design.
The GCM algorithm is claimed to provide data authenticity, integrity and confidentiality; it belongs to the class of authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) methods. This means that when a key (K), some plaintext (P), and some associated data (AD) are provided as inputs, the algorithm encrypts the plaintext using the key to produce ciphertext (C), and computes an authentication tag (T) from the ciphertext and the associated data (which remains unencrypted). A recipient with knowledge of K, upon reception of AD, C and T, can decrypt the ciphertext to recover the plaintext and can check the tag to ensure that neither ciphertext nor associated data were tampered with.
GCM uses a block cipher with block size 128 bits (commonly AES-128) operated in counter mode for encryption, and uses arithmetic in the Galois field GF(2128) to compute the authentication tag; hence the name.
Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) is an authentication-only variant of the GCM which can form an incremental message authentication code. Both GCM and GMAC can accept initialization vectors of arbitrary length.
Different block cipher modes of operation can have significantly different performance and efficiency characteristics, even when used with the same block cipher. Also, GCM can take full advantage of parallel processing and implementing GCM can make efficient use of an instruction pipeline or a hardware pipeline. By contrast, the cipher block chaining (CBC) mode of operation incurs pipeline stalls that hamper its efficiency and performance.
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