HENAN
Henan is a province in Central China. Four of the historical capitals of China, Luoyang, Anyang, Kaifeng and Zhengzhou, are in Henan. It is home to many important heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC), and the Shaolin Temple.
While the province's name means 'south of the river', approximately one quarter of its area lies north of the Yellow River. Henan covers a large part of the fertile and densely populated North China Plain. Its neighboring provinces are Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, and Hubei.
Henan is China's third-most populous province and the most populous among inland provinces, with a population of over 99 million as of 2020. It is also the world's seventh-most populous administrative division; if it were a country by itself, Henan would be the 17th-most populous in the world, behind Egypt and Vietnam. People from Henan often suffer from discrimination within China.
Henan has the 5th-largest provincial economy in China, the largest in Central China as well as among inland provinces, with a nominal GDP of CN¥5.88 trillion (US$926 billion) in 2021, surpassing that of Turkey (US$815 billion). If it were a country, it would be the 18th-largest economy as of 2021. However, its GDP per capita is low compared to other eastern and central provinces. Recent drivers of economic growth include aluminum and coal prices, agriculture, heavy industry, tourism, and retail. High-tech industries and the service sector are concentrated around Zhengzhou and Luoyang.
Henan hosts more than 150 institutions of higher education, ranking first in Central China. As of 2025, three major cities in the province ranked in the top 140 cities in the world by scientific research output (Zhengzhou 58th, Kaifeng 136th and Xinxiang 138th) as tracked by the Nature Index.
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