Loneliness
Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived or actual isolation. Loneliness has been described as social pain, a psychological mechanism that motivates individuals to seek social connections. This condition is frequently associated to a perceived lack of emotional connection and intimacy. Loneliness overlaps and yet is distinct from solitude. Solitude is simply the state of being apart from others; however, not all individuals who experience solitude feel lonely. Loneliness, as a subjective emotion, can be experienced even in the presence of others.
The causes of loneliness are varied. Loneliness can be a result of systemic issues, genetic inheritance, cultural factors, a lack of meaningful relationships, a significant loss, an excessive reliance on passive technologies (particularly the Internet in the 21st century), and a self-perpetuating mindset. Research has demonstrated that loneliness is ubiquitous in society, including among people in marriages along with other strong relationships, and those with successful careers. Most people experience loneliness at some points in their lives, and some feel it often.
Loneliness is found to be the highest among younger people as, according to the BBC Loneliness Experiment, 40% people within the age group 16–24 admit to feeling lonely while the percentage of people who feel lonely above age 75 is around 27%.
The effects of loneliness are also varied. Transient loneliness (loneliness that exists for a short period of time) is related to positive effects, including an increased focus on the strength of one's relationships. Chronic loneliness (loneliness that exists for a significant amount of time in one's life) is generally correlated with negative effects, including increased obesity, substance use disorder, risk of depression, cardiovascular disease, risk of high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Chronic loneliness is also correlated with an increased risk of death and suicidal thoughts.
Medical treatments for loneliness include beginning therapy and taking antidepressants. Social treatments for loneliness generally include an increase in interaction with others, such as group activities (such as exercise or religious activities), re-engaging with old friends or colleagues, owning pets, and becoming more connected with one's community.
Loneliness has long been a theme in literature, going back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, academic coverage of loneliness was sparse until recent decades. In the 21st century, some academics and professionals have claimed that loneliness has become an epidemic, including Vivek Murthy, a former Surgeon General of the United States.
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